gold mining can also be significant in some countries. However, as previously noted, the impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining are outside of the scope of this report. gold between the Portuguese and Shona people. Today ASMs in Zimbabwe are primary producers of gold, chrome, tantalite and semi-precious stones, 1 Mr W. Takavarasha (CEO of Zimbabwe Miners Federation) 2013, Presentation on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Zimbabwe, Kadoma Ranch Hotel, Kadoma with indications that over 70 percent of the group feasible for most small mining operations (e.g., major changes in equipment or mining techniques). Several hypotheses have been proposed to try to ac- count for why fatality rates are so much higher at small mines (5, 9). However, there is almost no research evi- dence available indicating whether or not any of them are ...